Senate GOP Call Out Biden Administration for Escalating Border Crisis by Unlawfully Freezing Border Wall Funding

Senators seek Government Accountability Office (GAO) ruling on infringement of Congress’s constitutional power of the purse

WASHINGTON, DC – Senator James Lankford (R-OK) joined 39 Republican senators, led by Senator Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV), Ranking Member of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security, to send a letter to GAO Comptroller General Gene L. Dodaro highlighting President Joe Biden’s suspension of border wall funding and construction without lawful justification, as required by the Impoundment Control Act, amid the rapidly escalating crisis along the southern border.

Lankford took a trip to the Arizona border last weekend during which he visited the unfinished fencing on the southern border that was halted by the Biden Administration. Lankford spoke about the situation at the southern border on the Senate floor yesterday. Lankford serves as Ranking Member of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee’s Subcommittee on Government Operations and Border Management.

“On January 20th, in one of the first official acts of his presidency, Joseph Biden suspended border wall construction and ordered a freeze of funds provided by Congress for that purpose,” the senators wrote. “In the weeks that followed, operational control of our southern border was compromised and a humanitarian and national security crisis has ensued. The President’s actions directly contributed to this unfortunate, yet entirely avoidable, scenario. They are also a blatant violation of federal law and infringe on Congress’s constitutional power of the purse.

The senators continued, “We write regarding these actions. We believe they violated the Impoundment Control Act (ICA), as interpreted by your office, and we request your legal opinion on the matter. Prompt action to end these violations is required to restore order at the border.”

Due to efforts by the Trump Administration to secure the southern border with new infrastructure, illegal crossings in the Yuma Sector decreased by 87 percent from Fiscal Year 2019 (FY19) to FY20 in areas with new border wall system. In the Rio Grande Valley Zone 1, an area that did not previously have border infrastructure, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) saw a 79 percent decrease in apprehensions and a 26 percent decrease in narcotics seizures after completion of the border wall. Additionally, in El Paso Zone 14 and 15, CBP saw 60 percent and 81 percent decreases in apprehensions, respectively, when comparing the second half of FY20 to the first half of FY20.

Since President Biden’s election in November 2020, CBP numbers have increased significantly. In February 2021, CBP had 100,441 border encounters, amounting to a 39 percent increase from 71,946 encounters in October 2020 and a 173 percent increase from the 36,687 encounters in February 2020 – just one year prior. Additionally, there have been 325,012 border encounters since November 2020, while there were only 220,563 in the four months prior—a 68 percent increase.

Currently, CBP is overwhelmed and overcapacity. Reports indicate that nearly all border patrol sectors are above 100 percent capacity, with some sectors double, triple, or even at significantly higher levels of overcapacity.

Lankford and Capito were joined in the letter by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), Appropriations Committee Vice Chairman Richard Shelby (R-AL), and Senators John Barrasso (R-WY), Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), Roy Blunt (R-MO), John Boozman (R-AR), Mike Braun (R-IN), Richard Burr (R-NC), Susan Collins (R-ME), John Cornyn (R-TX), Tom Cotton (R-AR), Kevin Cramer (R-ND), Mike Crapo (R-ID), Steve Daines (R-MT), Joni Ernst (R-IA), Deb Fischer (R-NE), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Bill Hagerty (R-TN), John Hoeven (R-ND), Cindy Hyde-Smith (R-MS), Jim Inhofe (R-OK), John Kennedy (R-LA), Cynthia Lummis (R-WY), Roger Marshall (R-KS), Jerry Moran (R-KS), Rand Paul (R-KY), Rob Portman (R-OH), Jim Risch (R-ID), Mitt Romney (R-UT), Mike Rounds (R-SD), Rick Scott (R-FL), Marco Rubio (R-FL), John Thune (R-SD), Thom Tillis (R-NC), Pat Toomey (R-PA), Tommy Tuberville (R-AL), Roger Wicker (R-MS), and Todd Young (R-IN).

The full text of the letter is linked here and below.

Dear Mr. Dodaro,

On January 20th, in one of the first official acts of his presidency, Joseph Biden suspended border wall construction and ordered a freeze of funds provided by Congress for that purpose. In the weeks that followed, operational control of our southern border was compromised and a humanitarian and national security crisis has ensued. The President’s actions directly contributed to this unfortunate, yet entirely avoidable, scenario. They are also a blatant violation of federal law and infringe on Congress’s constitutional power of the purse. We write regarding these actions. We believe they violated the Impoundment Control Act (ICA), as interpreted by your office, and we request your legal opinion on the matter. Prompt action to end these violations is required to restore order at the border.

BACKGROUND

In response to an alarming and sustained increase in the rates of illegal border crossings, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of a barrier along the country’s southern border. These line-item appropriations were the subject of protracted congressional negotiation and are quite specific, providing the permissible design of the barrier to be constructed and the location of its placement. In the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations bills for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, for example, Congress provided nearly three billion dollars “for the construction of barrier system along the southwest border” which “shall only be available for barrier systems that— (1) use— (A) operationally effective designs deployed as of the date of enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017…; and (2) are constructed in the highest priority locations as identified in the Border Security Improvement Plan.”[1]  Similarly, in the DHS appropriations bills for fiscal years 2018 and 2019 Congress provided funds “for the construction of primary pedestrian fencing, including levee pedestrian fencing”.[2]  In short, Congress intentionally left little discretion to the executive branch over how it would execute the funding for border wall construction.

Once provided, this funding was quickly operationalized. By the end of calendar year 2020, DHS had used its appropriations to build and repair or replace 112 miles of border wall across a majority of the country’s southern border sectors. Not coincidentally, and in conjunction with a number of other important immigration policy reforms, the rate of illegal border crossings fell substantially and operational control of the border increased dramatically.[3]

Despite this progress, on January 20, 2021, in one of his first official actions, President Biden issued a Proclamation directing DHS, in consultation with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), to “pause immediately the obligation of funds related to construction of the southern border wall” and to “pause work on each construction project on the southern border wall.”[4] 

The Proclamation provides as justification for its mandates only a policy-based rationale – namely, that “building a massive wall that spans the entire southern border is not a serious policy solution” and that this congressionally mandated project is “a waste of money that diverts attention from genuine threats to our homeland security.”[5] 

The Proclamation was not just empty political rhetoric. We understand from DHS that it has suspended its border wall projects, that the continued obligation of funds for those purposes has been halted, and that both are a direct consequence of the Proclamation. News reports confirm this is true.[6]  As these unlawful pauses have proceeded, the rate of illegal crossings has surged, creating a crisis across our southern border,[7] at times with tragic consequences.[8]  Meanwhile, billions in lawfully appropriated dollars, which were provided by Congress to address precisely this issue, sit unused by the Biden Administration.

DISCUSSION

At issue is whether President Biden’s Proclamation directed an impoundment of funds in violation of the ICA.

The Constitution specifically vests Congress with the power of the purse, providing that “No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.”[9]  The President is not vested with the power to ignore or amend a duly enacted law.[10]  Instead, he must “faithfully execute” the law as Congress enacts it.[11]  

An appropriations act is a law like any other; therefore, the President must take care to ensure that appropriations are prudently obligated in the manner they were provided by Congress.[12]  The Constitution grants the President no unilateral authority to withhold funds from obligation.[13]   Instead, Congress has vested the President with strictly circumscribed authority to impound, or withhold, budget authority only in limited circumstances. These circumstances are expressly provided in the ICA and separated into two exclusive categories—deferrals and rescissions.[14]

With a deferral, the President may temporarily withhold funds from obligation only in a limited range of circumstances: to provide for contingencies; to achieve savings made possible by or through changes in requirements or greater efficiency of operations; or as specifically provided by law.[15]  The deferral of budget authority for any other purpose, including to advance a policy disagreement, is unlawful.[16] 

With a rescission, the President may seek the permanent cancellation of funds for fiscal policy or other reasons, including the termination of programs for which Congress has provided budget authority.[17]  

In either case, the ICA requires that the President transmit a special message to Congress that includes the amount of budget authority proposed for deferral or rescission and the reason for the proposal.[18]  Critically, the burden to justify a withholding of budget authority rests with the executive branch.

The only other circumstance in which the withholding of appropriated funds may be justified is in the case of a “programmatic delay.”  A programmatic delay occurs when “an agency is taking necessary steps to implement a program, but because of factors external to the program, funds temporarily go unobligated. This presumes, of course, that the agency is making reasonable efforts to obligate.”[19]  If there is “no external factor causing an unavoidable delay,” but instead the failure to obligate is the result of an agency “on its own volition explicitly barr[ing]” the obligation of funds, then a delay is not programmatic.[20]  Instead, such actions are an unlawful impoundment. This is especially true when“[p]rogram execution [is] … well underway.”[21]

Not long ago, in a decision captioned “Office of Management and Budget – Withholding of Ukraine Security Assistance”, your agency applied these legal principles to a set of factual circumstances remarkably similar to the ones here. At issue in that matter was a pause in funding provided to the Department of Defense (DOD) for security assistance to Ukraine. There, the Administration did not formally propose a rescission or deferral of the DOD funding by transmitting a special message to Congress. Even if it had proposed a deferral, GAO concluded that it would have been unlawful under the ICA, as the pause had been prompted by policy reasons. And GAO rejected claims then made by the Administration that the pause in funding was programmatic because “there was no external factor causing an unavoidable delay. Rather, OMB on its own volition explicitly barred DOD from obligating amounts.”[22]  

This body of law and precedents is clear, and their application to the actions directed by the Proclamation is straightforward. In consecutive fiscal years, Congress passed bills appropriating funds to DHS for the construction of a border wall. The President signed those bills into law. Accordingly, the President, through DHS and OMB, must prudently obligate and execute those funds for the purposes for which they were provided. The President now in office is charged with faithfully executing these laws, notwithstanding any policy or political disagreements with his predecessor who signed them.

Nevertheless, this President, by his Proclamation, has directed that funds provided for southern border wall construction be withheld and that related construction be suspended. And, as noted above, those pauses were effected in late January and remain in effect today.[23]

The only lawful justification for these actions would be if the President: (1) transmits to Congress a special message proposing the deferral of the funds; (2) transmits to Congress a special message proposing the permanent rescission of those funds; or (3) can point to a programmatic delay responsible for the pause in obligation. Failing that, the pauses ordered by the Proclamation are an unlawful impoundment and an assault on Congress’s constitutional power of the purse. The Biden Administration has pursued none of these paths.

The Proclamation is not a special message, and it does not purport to be one. Nor does the Proclamation assert that the President will send a special message proposing a deferral or rescission of the border wall funds in question. To date, the Congress has not otherwise received a special message regarding the border wall funding in question. We must therefore conclude that the President – notwithstanding the pauses he ordered – has not proposed a deferral or rescission of DHS’s border wall construction appropriations. [24]  Importantly, even if the President were to now transmit such a special message, it would not change the fact that these DHS appropriations have been unlawfully impounded since the Proclamation’s direction took effect in late January. Whatever actions the President takes going forward, they will not cure the unlawful actions he has taken to date.

Nor is it credible to claim that these funds are the subject of a “programmatic delay.”  The Proclamation makes no mention of any external factor causing an unavoidable delay in obligating border barrier funding or constructing border wall. To the contrary, at the time of the Proclamation, DHS “had already produced a plan for expending the funds” and the resulting construction of border wall was proceeding apace before the President “on [his] on volition explicitly barred [DHS] from” taking further action by issuing the Proclamation.[25]  Now, at least 17 separate wall system projects – each of which was designated by law enforcement officials as a priority to advance operational control of the border – are suspended. The delay caused by the Proclamation clearly is not programmatic.

We note also that the Proclamation limits the pauses it directs “to the extent permitted by law.”  But this bit of lawyering does not save the Proclamation or the pauses it directs. The law does not allow the President to suspend construction of the border wall or pause the obligation of funding provided for that purpose in the manner he has directed in the Proclamation. The Proclamation’s direction is therefore entirely irreconcilable with the law, and any suggestion to the contrary is illusory.

The delay here is the manifestation of a disagreement between Congress and the President over immigration policy. The President bemoans the border wall system funded by Congress as “not a serious policy solution”[26] and “a waste of money.”[27]  It is his right to levy those criticisms, and he is free to propose budgets that advance his alternative approach to securing our nation’s borders. But he cannot unilaterally impound funding provided by Congress in duly enacted appropriations laws.  As has long been recognized, enacted statutes, and not the President’s policy priorities, necessarily provide the animating framework for all actions agencies take to carry out government programs.[28]  

GAO has rightly concluded that “[f]aithful execution of the law does not permit the President to substitute his own policy priorities for those that Congress has enacted into law.”[29]  Yet, with his Proclamation, the President has done just that. The legal result of those actions is an impoundment of funds in violation of the ICA. The practical result is a growing crisis across our southern border. We will abide neither. A President, regardless of the administration and regardless of the purposes for which the underlying funds are provided, must be held accountable for violations of the ICA. If he is not, “we will open the floodgates for this and future Administrations to violate the ICA with impunity”[30] and that – as we are seeing now – will have real consequences for our nation.

We look forward to your timely response, and we thank you in advance for your efforts.

Sincerely,

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